![]() ![]() With current progress in marine geophysics equipment, survey and processing techniques, we can be now closer to support needs emerging after decades of maritime archaeology and conservation practice worldwide. Those who stayed at Giza settled closer to the riverbank, or near the valley temples in pyramid towns named after the kings and their pyramids. By the time these officials made their chapels, people had abandoned the HeG when the royal house moved to Saqqara and Abusir for building the king’s memorial complex. One such official was Nesut- nefer, who held the title Administrator (aD-mr) of the Southern Tjeniu of Khafre. Certain officials may have administered functions of the HeG during its heyday in the mid to late 4th Dynasty, as reflected in titles they inscribed in their tomb chapels during the early to mid 5th Dynasty. I hypothesize a possible match between gangs, phyles, and divisions and the Gallery Complex, the central component of the HeG. As such, it serves as a footprint of a formal expeditionary force composed of apr-gangs and crews for either building or seafaring, or both. ![]() I review the hypothesis that the HeG belonged to a major Nile port. But overall, the HeG settlement fits neither worker’s town nor pyramid town. Its counterpart, the Northern Grg.t (settlement), may have been associated with the Khufu Pyramid. Under this name, the HeG comprised a kind of proto-pyramid city. During its time, people may have called the HeG the Southern Tjeniu (bank settlement) of the Pyramid, Great is Khafre (§njw rcj Wr ¢a.f Ra). Components of the HeG settlement fit attributes of both types of settlement, which Egyptologists infer from texts and archaeological information from other sites. In this article I relate the Heit el-Ghurab (HeG, Wall of the Crow) 4th Dynasty settlement site to the idea that long-term pyramid towns did not originate in temporary workers settlements. ![]()
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